Ελένη Γλύκατζη-Αρβελέρ “Γιατί το Βυζάντιο”

Γλύκατζη-Αρβελέρ Ελένη

Γιατί το Βυζάντιο

Το «Γιατί το Βυζάντιο», το καινούργιο βιβλίο της Ελένης Γλύκατζη-Αρβελέρ, γραμμένο απευθείας στα ελληνικά, αποτελεί ένα απόσταγμα σχεδόν βιωματικό, από την πολύχρονη διδασκαλία της διαπρεπούς βυζαντινολόγου στη Σορβόννη. Απευθύνεται στο ευρύ κοινό και ειδικά σε εκείνους που τους απασχολεί το ζήτημα της ελληνικής ιστορικής συνέχειας.
«Το πόνημα αυτό», αναφέρει η ίδια, «απευθύνεται σε όσους από τους Νεοέλληνες ταλανίζονται με το πρόβλημα της ελληνικής ιστορικής συνέχειας και στους ξένους (κυρίως τους Δυτικοευρωπαίους και τους Αμερικανούς βλαστούς τους) που αρκούνται στην επιλεκτική γνώση του παρελθόντος τους, άσχετα από κάθε ιστορική πραγματικότητα και με μόνο μέλημα τη δικαίωση μιας σύγχρονης πολιτικής προσέγγισης, που υπαγορεύουν συμφέροντα και ενδιαφέροντα, ξένα συχνά από την ιστορία και το αντικείμενό της».
Η συγγραφέας επιχειρεί να αποσαφηνίσει το Βυζάντιο δια του Βυζαντίου, με πολλαπλές αναφορές σε κείμενα – κλειδιά (Τριακονταετηρικός του Ευσεβίου, Κοσμογραφία του Κοσμά Ινδικοπλεύστη, Τακτικά του Λέοντος ΣΤ’ τυο Σοφού, Βίος Ιακώβου του Νεοφωτίστου, Σχόλια του Τζέτζη, Επαναγωγή κ.ά.), τα οποία, κατά τη γνώμη της, εκφράζουν συνοπτικά τα χαρακτηριστικά της βυζαντινής ψυχοσύνθεσης ή σημαδεύουν παραστατικά τομές και στροφές της ιστορίας του Βυζαντίου.
Ο στόχος της Ελένης Γλύκατζη-Αρβελέρ είναι ο εξής, όπως τον διατυπώνει στον Πρόλογό της: «Να βάλω, κατά το δυνατόν, έστω εκ του πλαγίου και λάθρα σχεδόν, το Βυζάντιο στη θέση που τα επιτεύγματά του μας υπαγορεύουν: να πω συνοπτικά, εννοώ, αυτά που το αναδεικνύουν ως την πρώτη ευρωπαϊκή αυτοκρατορία και που εξηγούν, όχι μόνο το πολιτιστικό μεγαλείο του (και αυτό ανεπαρκώς ακόμη γνωστό), αλλά και την ασυνήθη για παγκόσμια δύναμη (όπως ήταν κάποτε το Βυζάντιο) μακροβιότητά του».
Η επιλογή των θεμάτων που αναπτύσσονται σχετίζεται κυρίως με φαινόμενα μακράς διαρκείας και μπορούν να ερμηνεύσουν το «Γιατί» της βυζαντινής πολιτικής εμβέλειας (εξ ου και ο τίτλος «Γιατί το Βυζάντιο»).
Αναλύονται οι σχέσεις της πολιτείας με την εκκλησία (αυτοκράτορα και πατριάρχη), του κέντρου με την περιφέρεια (Κωνσταντινούπολης και επαρχιών), του Βυζαντίου με τους πολυποίκιλους γείτονές του, φίλους, συμμάχους ή εχθρούς. Οι συνοριακές συρρικνώσεις, οι δογματικές διαμάχες, οι στρατιωτικοπολιτικές αντιπαλότητες και οι άνισες κοινωνικές διαβαθμίσεις που ρύθμιζαν την καθεστηκυία τάξη εξηγούν τη δυσκολία της βυζαντινής κοινωνίας αλλά και της πολιτικής να ανταποκριθεί στις απαιτήσεις των καιρών. Η πτώση της αυτοκρατορίας πρώτα στα χέρια των Σταυροφόρων (1204) και τελικά στους Οθωμανούς (1453) προλογίζουν την χαλεπότητα της μετέπειτα εποχής που θεμέλιό της ωστόσο μένει η πολύχρονη βυζαντινή εμπειρία: θρησκευτική, ιδεολογική και βιωματική. Απόηχός της ως τις μέρες μας μπορεί να θεωρηθεί η αμφίσημη σχέση των Νεοελλήνων με τη Δύση και με την Ανατολή, πρόβλημα της νεοελληνικής ταυτότητας.
Εκδόσεις: Ελληνικά Γράμματα

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Greece`s Ottoman Past

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA) Approximately six hundred relics of the Ottoman period were found in Greece, according to a research study, conducted by the Istanbul-based Marmara University Professor Neval Konouk, during the last 2,5 years, commissioned by the Turkish ministry for Foreign Affairs, in 2007. 

According to Dr. Konouk’s comments to the Turkish daily Aksam on February 8, the complete survey will take the form of eight volumes, when completed in 2015, and the texts will be in Turkish, English and Greek.  
According to her research, much more Ottoman relics have been preserved, than originally considered.
As Dr. Konouk noted, “a tenth of the Ottoman relics located in Greece, representing 600 cases in total, have been saved.”  
In a relative development, the Greek Ministry of Culture has published in Greek and English, a 494 – pages special volume, titled “Ottoman Architecture in Greece.”
Institute for Neohellenic Research: Ottoman Epigraphy; Foundation of the Hellenic World: Ottoman Period

New impetus for Greek-Turkish relations

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA) A new impetus for Greek-Turkish relations was given yesterday following a letter by Prime Minister George Papandreou addressed to his Turkish counterpart, responding to prior correspondence between the two leaders.

The Greek side proposes the launch of a series of talks on the issue of the continental shelf, within a specific time limit and the option for both sides to resort to the International Court of Justice in The Hague in case of a dead-end.
Papandreou deems the Turkish proposal of establishing a High-level Council of Cooperation important and invites Recep Tayyip Erdogan to pay an official visit to Greece, sometime before summer, in order to set a time framework.
Moreover, the Greek Premier highlights the need for de-escalating tension over the Aegean Sea and stresses that military activity in the area must be avoided since it jeopardizes security and fuels tension. Referring to the pressure exercised on bilateral relations due to immigration flows’ movement, Papandreou reiterates the necessity for Turkey to abide by the Greek-Turkish Readmission Protocol (2001).
The premier concludes by expressing Greece’s support for Turkey’s European perspective, provided that the latter honours its obligations towards the Greek minority in Turkey and the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Greece-Turkey Bilateral Relations & Greek-Turkish Rapprochement
[Photo from Papandreou’s visit to Istanbul, Turkey, October, 2009]

Theological School of Halki

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA)   Turkish Dailies Hürriyet (April 18) and Today’s Zaman (April 27) report on the Theological School of Halki (Istanbul, Turkey), Ecumenical Patriarchate’s theology and primary seminary, closed by the Turkish authorities in 1971.  Since 1971, there have been attempts to reopen the Halki Theological Seminary. The debate over the potential opening up of the Seminary is, while not these days at the top of the public agenda, a topic which will clearly come up often in the near future.   In fact, it most recently came up during the visit to Turkey by US President Barack Obama (April 7).

Hagia Sophia Museum: Grand Opening

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA)   The Hagia Sophia is ready for a grand opening, following a restoration period of sixteen years. The revamping of the Hagia Sophia Museum was a key element in Istanbul being nominated “European Capital of Culture 2010” along with the German town of Essen and the Hungarian city of Pecs.  Hurriet Daily News: Hagia Sophia prepares for the capital of culture

Hellenic Observatory & LSE

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA)   The Hellenic Observatory Research Seminar series provides a forum for academic and policy research addressed mainly to student and academic audiences within London, but also to the wider Greek community in the UK. Topics cover mainly current economic, public policy and foreign policy issues related to Greece, Cyprus and southeast Europe region but also extent to topics on culture and history. The Hellenic Observatory plans to launch a new book series on Greece in 2008-9. The series will be launched in conjunction with a leading UK and international publisher and will be focussed on contemporary Greece from the perspective of the social sciences. Full details will be placed on the HO Web-Pages. Prospective authors with good ideas are invited to contact the Observatory. More info on the future plans: Hellenic Observatory Newsletter 2008

Greece – Turkey: Power Swap Deal

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA) Greece‘s Development Minister Christos Folias signed a power swap deal with his Turkish counterpart in Istanbul on July 2, in a bid to solve the anticipated rise in power consumption.  In his speech at the 5th International Energy Forum, which was held in Istanbul, Folias stressed that regional energy cooperation and development is a matter of pivotal strategic importance to both Greece and Turkey. “It is our conviction that the nations making up the geopolitical triangle, Eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, will enjoy a constantly mounting role in the world balance of energy market in the near future,” Folias said. Secretariat General of Information: World Media on Greece – Politics, Business and Current Affairs;

Greece – Turkey: Forgotten Greek Islands Get Hope for the Future

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA)   Located just off the coast of Turkey, the two islands of Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos), now part of Turkey, but inhabited mostly by ethnic Greeks since antiquity, were exempt from the population exchange of 1922, leaving its inhabitants, with a form of self autonomy – including the right to teach the Greek language, religious freedom, and have their own police force. As the decades passed, Turkey began settling mainland Turks on the island, causing an exodus of the islanders as to where it got to the point where only 250 Greeks remain on Imbros and 30 Greeks remain on Tenedos.  Last week (27.6.2008), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) approved a report for preserving the bicultural character of two islands, saying that the Greek population has suffered long enough. The Assembly has invited Turkey to take a “positive attitude” to ethnic Greeks still living on the islands in order to preserve their bicultural character – pointing out that this “could serve as a model for co-operation between Turkey and Greece”. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly: Resolution 1625 ( 2008 )  Turkish Daily News: Council of Europe asks to reopen school; Hurriet: PACE approves preserving Greek-origin citizens’ rights on Turk islands; Kathimerini: Help on way for Imvros, Tenedos Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethnic Greeks in Istanbul, Gokceada (Imvros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos)

Common Samos-Bodrum stand at international tourism exhibition

(ATHENS NEWS AGENCY) The eastern Aegean island of Samos and the adjacent western Turkish resort city of Bodrum, ancient Halicarnassus, will share a common stand at the International Tourism and Travel exhibition of the Eastern Mediterannean Sea, to be hosted at the Tuyap exhibition centre in Istanbul. A joint tourist package includes a four-day stay on Samos and another four days in Bodrum.

The Jews of Greece

(GREEK NEWS AGENDA)   The presence of Jews in Greece traces back to ancient times. These Greek Jews, known as Romaniotes, spoke Greek (Judeo-Greek) and had developed their own culture and customs within the confines of the Byzantine Empire, living on the mainland as well as on some islands, like Rhodes, Chios and Samos. That Jewish population of Greece increased dramatically in 1492, after the Catholic monarchs of Spain – Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand – at the instigation of the Inquisition, issued the decree of Granada, according to which all Jews who refused to convert to Catholicism were to be expelled within 6 months; it is estimated that more than 200.000 Jews were expelled from that “cursed land.”